# How to build Ghostscript from source code

## Table of contents

> - General overview
> - How to acquire the source code
>   - How to acquire the development source code
> - How to unpack the source code
>   - How to unpack compressed tar files generally
>   - How to unpack Ghostscript itself
> - How to check for post-release bug fixes
> - How to prepare the makefiles
>   - Changes for your environment
>   - Selecting features and devices
>     - Precompiled run-time data
>   - Setting up "makefile"
>   - MSys/Mingw
>   - Invoking "make"
>   - Cross-compiling
> - How to build Ghostscript from source (PC version)
>   - Microsoft environment
>   - Microsoft environment 64-bit
>   - Microsoft environment WinRT
>   - Making self-extracting Installers
>   - Cygwin32 gcc
> - How to build Ghostscript from source (MacOS version)
>   - MacOS X
> - How to build Ghostscript from source (Unix version)
>   - make tools
>   - OS-specific issues
>     - H-P RISC workstations
>     - IBM RS/6000 with AIX
>     - Silicon Graphics
>     - Oracle/Sun
>     - Solaris
> - Other environments
>   - Environments lacking multi-threading
>   - Plan 9
> - How to build Ghostscript with UFST

For other information, see the Ghostscript overview and the instructions on how to install Ghostscript.

## General overview

This document describes how to build a Ghostscript executable from source code. There are four major steps to building Ghostscript:

1. Acquire the compressed archive files of source code for Ghostscript.
2. Unpack the archive files into the Ghostscript directory.
3. Configure the build to match your system and desired configuration options.
4. Invoke "`make`" to build the software.

The remainder of this document describes each of these steps in detail. Note that some of this process is platform-dependent. After building Ghostscript you must then install it; for that, see the installation instructions.

Long term users of Ghostscript may notice the instructions for a number of older systems have been removed from this document. There is no value judgment implied in this, but recognition that the build system has changed considerably in recent years, and several of these legacy systems are no longer easily available to the development team. We will always consider contributions to continue support for legacy systems.

## How to acquire the source code

Building Ghostscript requires the Ghostscript source code itself, and in some cases the source code for the third-party libraries that Ghostscript uses.

Official releases can be found under the GPL license at

> http://ghostscript.com/download/

Ghostscript source code is packaged in gzip-compressed tar archives (*`.tar.gz`). (Unlike earlier versions, Ghostscript packages are now one, complete archive, including font files and third party library dependency sources).

> `ghostscript-`#.##`.tar.gz`

("#.##" are version numbers.) Software to decompress and extract both formats is available for almost every platform for which Ghostscript is available -- including Unix, Linux, MS Windows, and so on -- but it's up to you to locate that software. See the section on unpacking the source code.

## How to acquire the development source code

The Ghostscript team use git for version control.

If you require a snapshot of the development code, the easiest way to get it is to visit the web interface to our `git` repository: ghostpdl.git and click the "`snapshot`" link next to the specific commit in which you are interested. After a short delay, that will download a complete source tree for the given commit in a `gzipped` `tar` archive.

If you require access to several commits, or wish to regularly access the latest development code, you are better to clone the entire `git` repository, using:

> `git clone git://git.ghostscript.com/ghostpdl.git`

which will create a local, read-only repository.

Both the "`snapshot`" and the `git clone` methods download the `Ghostscript` sources as part of the `GhostPDL` source tree, which includes the `PCL/PXL` and `XPS` interpreters also built on top of the `Ghostscript` graphics library.

The `configure` script discussed later in the document is created as part of the `Ghostscript` release process, and as the source tree retrieved from `git` is "pre-release" code, it does not include a pre-made `configure` script. See autogen.sh

## How to unpack the source code

Unfortunately there are no generally accepted standards for how to package source code into archives, so the instructions for unpacking Ghostscript are longer than they should be. We begin with a brief explanation of how to extract the two kinds of archive files.

### How to unpack compressed tar files generally

Tar (`.tar`) files are the de facto standard for archiving files on Unix (every Unix-like system has the `tar` program), and programs to extract their contents are also widely available for MS Windows, and most other environments. To economize on space and downloading time, Ghostscript's tar files are compressed with GNU `gzip`, which adds the suffix "`.gz`" to the file name, giving "`.tar.gz`".

To unpack a compressed tar file `MyArchive.tar.gz` you must both decompress it and extract the contents. You can do this in two steps, one to decompress the file and another to unpack it:

> `gzip -d MyArchive.tar.gz`
> `tar -xf MyArchive.tar`

or in a pipeline:

> `gzip -d -c MyArchive.tar.gz | tar -xf -`

or, if you have a program like GNU `tar` that can handle compressed tar files, with a single command:

> `tar -zxf MyArchive.tar.gz`

The `tar` program automatically preserves directory structure in extracting files. The Ghostscript source archive puts all files under a directory `ghostscript-`#.##, so using `tar` to unpack a compressed archive should always properly create that directory, which we will call the "ghostscript directory". Make sure you're positioned in the parent of the ghostscript directory before unpacking the files. If a subdirectory doesn't already exist, `tar` creates it.

Some other programs -- under MS Windows, for instance -- can also unpack compressed tar files, but they may not automatically preserve directory structure nor even extract files into the current directory. If you use one of these, you must

- set the program's options to "Use folder names" or the equivalent, and
- check that it is extracting files into the right place.

As both `tar` and `gzip` formats are now well supported by several applications on MS Windows, we only supply the `tar.gz` archive.

> WinZip

> 7-zip

> Info-ZIP

are respectively a commercial and two free applications which can decompress and extract `.tar.gz` archives on MS Windows.

### How to unpack Ghostscript itself

At this point you have acquired the source code and are ready to unpack it according to the preceding guidelines. To unpack the Ghostscript source, make the parent of the (new) gs directory the current directory.

> 2-step: |  | `gzip -d ghostscript-`#.##`.tar.gz` `tar -xf ghostscript-`#.##`.tar`
> Pipe: |  | `gzip -d -c ghostscript-`#.##`.tar.gz | tar -xf -`
> GNU `tar`: |  | `tar -zxf ghostscript-`#.##`.tar.gz`

All the Ghostscript source files are now in subdirectories of the gs directory.

> Ghostscript Core Source subdirectories
> Subdirectory |  | Contents
> `arch/` |  | Pre-defined architecture header files
> `base/` |  | Graphics library C source code and makefiles
> `contrib/` |  | Community contributed/supported output devices
> `devices/` |  | The output devices supported by the Ghostscript team
> `psi/` |  | PS interpreter C source code and makefiles
> `Resource/` |  | Postscript initialization, resource and font files
> `lib/` |  | PostScript utilities and scripts used with Ghostscript
> `doc/` |  | Documentation
> `man/` |  | Unix `man` pages
> `examples/` |  | Sample PostScript files
> `iccprofiles/` |  | Default set of ICC profiles
> `windows/` |  | Visual Studio for Windows specific project and solution files
> `toolbin/` |  | Useful (non-Postscript) tools, mostly for developer use only

Optionally, if you downloaded the GhostPDL archive, you may also have:

> Additional GhostPDL source subdirectories
> Subdirectory |  | Contents
> `pcl/` |  | PCL/PXL interpreter C source code, makefiles, fonts etc
> `xps/` |  | XPS interpreter C source code and makefiles

Supporting third party libraries will also be in their own sub-directories (e.g. `jpeg`, `freetype` and so on).

#### Luratech compressor libraries

Ghostscript has optional support for the Luratech proprietary JBIG2 and JPEG 2000 implementations. If you have the source code for these and wish the compile them into Ghostscript, the build system expects them to be in directories named `luratech/ldf_jb2` and `luratech/lwf_jp2` in the top level gs source directory, alongside the other third-party libraries. With the Luratech source directories in the expected place, the build system will automatically include them.

If you have the Luratech code but wish to build without it, on "configure" based builds you can achieve this by doing:

> `./configure --without-luratech`

On Windows, you can achieve it by adding:

> `NO_LURATECH=1`

to your nmake command line.

With either of these options, the build will fall back to the defaults for both JBIG2 and JPEG2000 decoding.

## How to check for post-release bug fixes

Bug information and fixes are tracked on Ghostscript Bugzilla. For more information, please visit

> http://bugs.ghostscript.com

## How to prepare the makefiles

The Ghostscript makefiles are very large and complex in order to deal with the diverse requirements of all the different systems where they may be used.

Ghostscript has an automatic configuration script. If you're on unix or a system that supports unix shell scripts, this is the easiest option to use. Simply type:

> `./configure`

from the top level of the ghostscript source directory. It should configure itself based on what's available on your system, warn you of any missing dependencies, and generate a Makefile. At this point you can skip to the section invoking make below. Also, many common configuration options (like install location) can be set through options to the configure script.

Type '`./configure --help`' for a complete listing. Note that the configuration option is only available with the unix .tar distributions of the source.

Note that if you're building Ghostscript from development source out of a repository instead of from a released source package, you should run '`./autogen.sh`' instead of `./configure.` This script takes all the same options that configure does.

If your system doesn't support the configure script or you don't wish to use it, you can use the traditional ghostscript makefile system, editing the options by hand to match your system as described below. Fortunately, the only makefiles you're likely to want to change are relatively small ones containing platform-specific information.

> Platform-specific makefiles
> Makefile |  | Used for
> `Makefile.in` |  | Template makefile for the autoconf build
> `psi/msvc.mak` |  | MS Windows with Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 and later.
> `base/unix-gcc.mak` |  | Unix with gcc
> `base/unixansi.mak` |  | Unix with ANSI C compilers other than gcc

A number of platform indepdent makefiles in each of the core Ghostscript source directories. Since these files can change from one Ghostscript version to another, sometimes substantially, and since they all include documentation for the various options, here we don't duplicate most of that documentation: we recommend strongly that you review the entire makefile specific for your operating system and compiler before building Ghostscript.

### Building against the Luratech compression libraries

To compile Ghostscript against the proprietary Luratech JBIG2 and JPEG 2000 implementations, simply ensure that the `luratech/ldf_jb2` and `luratech/lwf_jp2` containing the Luratech code exist in the top level gs source directory, and (re-)run `configure` (ensuring to `make clean` before re-running make). The configure script will detect the presence of the directories, and apply the appropriate settings in the Makefile.

If you have the Luratech directories in place, but want Ghostscript built without it, you can run configure with the `--without-luratech` option, and the script will behave as if the directories did not exist.

### Changes for your environment

Assuming you have opted not to use the `configure` script or the default Microsoft Visual Studio bulid, you must edit the platform-specific makefile to change any of these:

- The name of the makefile itself (`MAKEFILE` macro)
- The locations to install Ghostscript files (`prefix` etc.)
- The default search paths for the initialization and font files (`GS_LIB_DEFAULT` macro)
- The debugging options (`DEBUG` and `TDEBUG` macros)
- Which optional features to include (`FEATURE_DEVS`)
- Which device drivers to include (`DEVICE_DEVS` and `DEVICE_DEVS`{1--20} macros)
- Default resolution parameters for some printer drivers (`devs.mak` or `contrib.mak`, whichever defines the driver)

In general these will be set to commonly sensible values already, but may not be ideal for your specific case.

The platform-specific makefiles include comments describing all these except the `DEVICE_DEVS` options. These are described in `devs.mak` and `contrib.mak`, even though the file that must be edited to select them is the platform-specific makefile.

Some platform-specific options are described in the sections for individual platforms. See the "Options" section near the beginning of the relevant makefile for more information.

### Selecting features and devices

You may build Ghostscript with any of a variety of features and with any subset of the available device drivers. The complete list of features is in a comment at the beginning of `gs.mak`, and the complete list of drivers in comments at the beginning of `devs.mak` and `contrib.mak`. To find what devices a platform-specific makefile selects to include in the executable, look in it for all lines of the form

> `FEATURE_DEVS=`{list of features}
> `DEVICE_DEVS`*`=`{list of devices}

For example, if the makefile has

> `FEATURE_DEVS=$(PSD)level2.dev`

indicating that only the PostScript Level 2 facilities should be included, you might make it

> `FEATURE_DEVS=$(PSD)level2.dev $(PSD)pdf.dev`

to add the ability to interpret PDF files. (In fact, `FEATURE_DEVS` in the current Unix makefiles already includes `$(PSD)pdf.dev`.).

It is extremely important that FEATURE_DEVS is set correctly. Currently, the default builds will include a complete feature set, and as such most of those building Ghostscript will have no need to change it. Only those working in heavily resource constrained environment will want to experiment, and it is vital that the implications of such changes be understood, otherwise Ghostscript may behave in unexpected or apparently incorrect ways, or may even fail to build.

The Unix makefile also defines

> `DEVICE_DEVS=$(DD)x11.dev`

indicating that the X Windows driver should be included, but since platform-specific makefiles as distributed normally include many of the possible features and drivers, you will probably rather remove from the makefile the features and drivers you don't want. It does no harm to include unneeded features and devices, but the resulting executable will be larger than needed.

You may edit the `FEATURE_DEVS` line to select or omit any of the features listed near the beginning of `gs.mak`, and the `DEVICE_DEVS`* lines to select or omit any of the device drivers listed near the beginning of `devs.mak` and `contrib.mak`. GS_DEV_DEFAULT is a string containing whitespace separate device names, and give the devices Ghostscript should attempt to use (and the order) if no device is specified on the command line; see the usage documentation for how to select an output device at run time using the `-sDEVICE=` switch. If you can't fit all the devices on a single line, you may add lines defining

> `DEVICE_DEVS1=$(DD)`{dev11}`.dev` ... `$(DD)`{dev1n}`.dev`
> `DEVICE_DEVS2=$(DD)`{dev21}`.dev` ... `$(DD)`{dev2n}`.dev`

etc., up to `DEVICE_DEVS15`. Don't use continuation lines -- on some platforms they don't work.

Note that if you want to include a driver named xxx, you must put `$(DD)`xxx`.dev` in `DEVICE_DEVS`*. Similarly, if you want to include a feature related to the PostScript or PDF language interpreters (PostScript level 1 .. 3, or other language features such as the ability to read EPSF files or TrueType font files), you must represent it as `$(PSD)`xxx`.dev`.

#### Precompiled run-time data

Ghostscript normally reads a number of external data files at run time: initialization files containing PostScript code, fonts, and other resources such as halftones. By changing options in the top-level makefile for the platform, you can cause some of these files to be compiled into the executable: this simplifies installation, improves security, may reduce memory requirements, and may be essential if you are planning on putting Ghostscript into ROM.

Compiling the initialization files (`Resource/Init/gs_init.ps`, etc.) into the executable is the default. To disable this, change the `1` to a `0` in the line

> `COMPILE_INITS=1`

Or, if you use the `configure` based Unix-style build, you can disable COMPILE_INITS by adding the option `--disable-compile-inits` to the invocation of `configure`

Files are now compiled into the executable as a %rom% file system that can be searched, opened, etc. as with the normal (%os%) file system. The data is (mostly) compressed. Several of the initialisation files (those in `Resource/Init`) are also converted to binary Postscript encoding, and "merged" into a single monolithic file - this is done for both size and speed optimization. Files that are often customized for individual installations (such as `Fontmap` and `cidfmap`) are not merged into the single file and thus installation specific versions can be used.

The set of files built into the %rom% file system is specified in the `psi/psromfs.mak` file. By default the set of files built into the rom file system comprises all the resource files Ghostscript requires to run successfully (all the files under `Resource` directory, and those under the `iccprofiles` directory). Refer to the file `base/mkromfs.c` for a description of the parameters that control source and destination pathnames, file enumeration exclusion, compression, etc.

Fonts normally are compiled into the executable using `mkromfs` (above) from the Resource/Font/ directory..

Similarly, Halftone resources can be compiled into the executable using `mkromfs`, but also threshold-array halftones can be compiled into the executable. See the "Compiled halftone" section of `int.mak` for a sample makefile fragment, `genht.c` for the syntax of halftone data files, and `lib/ht_ccsto.ps` for a sample data file. Note that even though the data files use PostScript syntax, compiled halftones do not require the PostScript interpreter and may be used with the graphics library alone.

### Setting up "makefile"

After going through the steps just described to unpack the sources, configure the build and make any desired changes to the makefiles. As the final step in preparing to build Ghostscript you must usually associate the name "`makefile`" with the correct makefile for your environment so the `make` command can find it. See the section on your particular platform for how to do that if necessary.

On unix systems, `./configure` (or if checked out of git, `./autogen.sh`) should create a `Makefile` which works in most scenarios. Manual tampering and editing should rarely be needed nor recommended.

### Invoking "make"

`make`
  Builds Ghostscript without debugging options.

`make debug`
  Builds Ghostscript with debugging options and additional internal error checks. The program will be somewhat larger and slower, but it will behave no differently unless you actually turn on debugging options at execution time with the `-DDEBUG` or `-Z` command line switches described in the usage documentation.

`make pg`
  On Unix platforms, builds with the `-pg` compiler switch, creating an executable for time profiling.

`make install`
  After building, installs the Ghostscript executables, support files, and documentation, but does not install fonts. See the installation documentation.

`make (debug)clean`
  Deletes all the files created by the build process (relocatables, executables, and miscellaneous temporary files). If you've built an executable and want to save it, move it first to another place, because "`make clean`" deletes it.

`make so`
  On some platforms (Linux, *BSD, Darwin/Mac OS X, SunOS), it is possible to build ghostscript as a shared object library. There is a corresponding "`make soclean`" for cleaning up.

Note: on most platforms some of these simple instructions don't quite work in one way or another. Read the section on your specific platform.

Note 2: If you are attempting to build a statically linked executable, you will probably need to add libraries to the linker options (libraries that are normally pulled-in automatically by the dynamic linker). These can be added at the make command line using the "EXTRALIBS=" option. Unfortunately, the set of libraries that may be required varies greatly depending on platform and configuration, so it is not practical to offer a list here.

### Cross-compiling

Cross-compiling is not fully supported by the `configure` script (such support is a work-in-progress).

You can either use `base/unixansi.mak` or `unix-gcc.mak` as the basis for a cross-compile makefile, or use `ocnfigure` to create a basic `Makefile` as the basis. And modify to suit.

You can set the compiler to your cross-compiler for `configure` by doing:

> ./configure CC=<cross-compiler executable>

and `configure` will then run its checks (as best it can) with the cross-compiler.

If you do so, you should also give `configure` the option to set the target architecture endianness: `--enable-big-endian` or `--enable-little-endian`.

It would also be wise to review the settings shown in the output of `./configure --help` for any that would be applicable to your target.

The Ghostscript build system uses several interim executables, built and run on the `host`, as such, even when cross-compiling, a `host native` compiler is also required. You must edit your `makefile` to ensure that is available. Find the line that starts:

> CCAUX=

and set that to your `host compiler`.

If you did not use `configure` or did not set the `CC` variable for `configure`, you must also set the:

> CC=

to your cross-compiler.

The Ghostscript build system uses a utility called `genarch` (see `base/genarch.c` for details) to interrogate the environment and generate a header file describing the architecture for which Ghostscript is being built. As this is run on the `host` it will generate header for the `host architecture` rather than that of the `target`.

For cross compiling, you must create (or modify) a header file (`arch.h`) which accurately describes the `target architecture`. Then you must edit your `makefile` by finding the line:

> TARGET_ARCH_FILE=

and set it to the path to, and file name of your custom `arch.h` file. With that setting, `genarch` will still be run, but rather than interrogate the current environment, it will copy the contents of your custom `arch.h` to the build.

## How to build Ghostscript from source (PC version)

All Ghostscript builds in PC (DOS and MS Windows) environments are 32- or 64-bit: 16-bit builds are not supported. The relevant makefiles are

> PC makefiles
> Makefile |  | Construction tools |  | For environment
> `msvc.mak` |  | Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 (or later) |  | MS Windows 32/64-bit
> `Makefile.in` |  | Cygwin/gcc |  | Cygwin (Use Unix `configure`)

Ghostscript requires at least MS Windows 95 (although we no longer actively test nor support Win95, we have not deliverately done anything to break compatibility with it). We recommend at least MS Windows NT 4.0.

For building, Ghostscript requires at least Visual Studio .NET 2003, and we recommend at least Visual Studio 2005 (required for 64 bit Windows support).

Note that the `make` program supplied with Visual Studio (and earlier Visual C++ versions) is actually called `nmake`. We refer to this program generically as `make` everywhere else in this document.

You must have `cmd.exe` in your path to build Ghostscript (using the Visual Studio command prompt is ideal). After making any changes required to choose features and devices to build into the executable, you can then invoke `make` to build the executable.

### Microsoft Visual Studio

#### Using Microsoft Visual Studio

The Ghostscript source distribution ships with `project` and `solution` files for Visual Studio 2005 and later. These can be found in the `windows` directory. The `project(s)` are `nmake projects` which means that rather than Visual Studio controlling the build directly, it delegates the build process the the `nmake`.

Beyond lacking support for parallel builds (`nmake` cannot support parallel builds), there should be little visible difference between a conventional VS project and an `nmake project` to the user of the VS graphical interface. The only exception to that is if you have to make changes to build options beyond those available in the defined build configurations. In that case, you need to find the `Nmake` tab in the project `Property Pages` and modify the appropriate entry: `Build Command Line`, `Rebuild All Command Line` and/or `Clean Command Line`.

NOTE: changing the `Output` property in the `Nmake` properties will not change the name of the executable - to do that requires editing of the `psi/msvc.mak` makefile, or you can add: `GS=myname.exe` to the `nmake` command line.

#### Using the command line

Ghostscript can be made using the Windows command prompt or one of the various command line shells made for Windows, as long as the command line syntax is compatible with the Windows `CMD.exe`. The Visual Studio command prompt is ideal.

In order for the makefiles to work properly, two items may have to be changed. An attempt is made to select the correct version of Microsoft Visual C++ based on the version of nmake. If this doesn't work it will default to version 6.x. If the auto-detection does not work, and you are not using version 6.x then before building, in `psi\msvc.mak` find the line "`#MSVC_VERSION=6`" and change it to "`MSVC_VERSION=4`", "`MSVC_VERSION=5`", "`MSVC_VERSION=7`" or "`MSVC_VERSION=8`" and so on.

In some cases the location of the Microsoft Developer Studio, needs to be changed. The location of Microsoft Developer Studio is defined by the value of `DEVSTUDIO`. There are several different definitions of `DEVSTUDIO` in psi\msvc.mak. There is one for each of the currently supported versions of Microsoft Visual C++ (4, 5, 6, 7, 7.1 and 8).

The normal installation process for Microsoft Visual C++ includes setting the location of the Microsoft Visual C++ executables (cl.exe, link.exe, nmake.exe, rc.exe) in your PATH definition and the LIB and INCLUDE environment variables are set to point to the Microsoft Visual C++ directories. If this is true then the value for `DEVSTUDIO` can be changed to empty. I.e. `DEVSTUDIO=`

If PATH, LIB, and INCLUDE are not correctly set then the value for `DEVSTUDIO` needs to be defined. For example, for version 6.0, the default definition for the location for the Microsoft Developer Studio is: `DEVSTUDIO=C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio` If the path to Microsoft Developer Studio on your system differs from the default then change the appropriate definition of `DEVSTUDIO`. (Remember that there is a separate definition of `DEVSTUDIO` for each version of MSVC, so be sure to change the correct definition.)

To run the `make` program, give the command

> `nmake -f psi\msvc.mak`

Rather than changing psi/msvc.mak, these values can also be specified on the make command line, I.e.

> `nmake -f psi\msvc.mak MSVC_VERSION=6 DEVSTUDIO="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio"
> nmake -f psi\msvc.mak MSVC_VERSION=7 DEVSTUDIO="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET"`

Note that double quotes have been added around the path for `DEVSTUDIO` due to the spaces in the path value.

This command line can also be put into a batch file.

You may get warning messages during compilation about various undefined and/or unsupported switches - this is because the compiler switches are set in the makefiles, and are applied when building with all versions of Visual Studio, but not all options are supported (or required) by all versions of Visual Studio. These warnings are benign and can be ignored.

#### Building with the Luratech compression libraries

If you wish to compile Ghostscript with the Luratech JBIG2 and JPEG 2000 implementations, the source should be installed in the top-level directory of the Ghostscript source. If you have an appropriately licensed source distribution this should already have been done.

With the Luratech source in the `luratech/ldf_jb2` and `luratech/lwf_jp2` directories in the top level gs source directory, the nmake makefile will detect their presence, and use them automatically.

If you have the Luratech code in place, but wish Ghostsrcipt to be built without the Luratech decoders, you can do so by passing NO_LURATECH=1 on the nmake command line, or add the define to your Visual Studio project.

### Microsoft Environment for 64-bit

Building Ghostscript for 64-bit Windows (AMD64 processor) requires Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2005 or Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 or later on 64-bit Windows. Cross compiling on 32-bit Windows is possible.

Compiling for 64-bit is similar to the Microsoft Environment instructions above, but with the addition of a WIN64 define. To make ghostscript use

> `nmake -f psi/msvc.mak WIN64=`

#### Making self-extracting installers

You can build self-extracting Windows installers based on `NSIS (Nullsoft Scriptable Install System)`. To do so, use the `nsis` makefile taget as well as any other options, for example:

> `nmake -f psi/msvc.mak WIN64= nsis`

will create an `nsis` based installer for Ghostscript built for 64 bit Windows systems.

### Microsoft Environment for WinRT

Ghostscript can be built in the form of a win32 DLL for use within a Windows Runtime application or Windows Runtime component. Building for WinRT requires use of Microsoft Visual Studio 2012. There is a solution file that can be loaded into VS 2012, in the directory `winrt`

The WinRT application or component should include `iapi.h` from `gs/psi` and link with `gsdll32metro.lib` from `gs/debugbin` or `gs/releasebin`. Also any app using ghostscript either directly or via a component should add `gsdll32metro.dll` as "content". This inclusion of the dll is necessary so that it will be packaged with the app. If one wishes to be able to run the debugger on ghostscript then `gsdll32metro.pdb` should also be added as content.

### Cygwin32 gcc

It is possible to compile Ghostscript for MS Windows using the Cygwin32 gcc compiler, GNU `make`, using the "configure" generated Makefile.

Information about this compiler and environment is at the Cygwin site:

> http://www.cygwin.com/

#### MSys/Mingw The configure build can be used to build Ghostscript on MSys/Mingw systems, but with a caveat. The msys-dvlpr adds header files into the compiler's header search paths which cause a clash, and the build will fail as a result. If you have the msys-dvlpr package installed, and until a better solution is available you can work around this by temporarily renaming the "\mingw\msys\1.0\include" directory so those headers are no longer found by the compiler.

## How to build Ghostscript from source (MacOS version)

### MacOS X

The unix source distribution (.tar.gz) builds fine on Darwin/MacOS X, albeit without a display device. You can generally just use the `Makefile` generated by `configure` as your top-level makefile and get a reasonable default build. This will allow you to use Ghostscript from the command line as a BSD-layer tool to rasterize postscript and pdf to image files, and convert between the high-level formats supported by Ghostscript. See the instructions for the unix build below for details of how to customize this build.

NOTE: If you have MacPorts (http://www.macports.org/) installed, it can "confuse" the configure script because it includes some librares which duplicate the "system" ones. This can cause missing symbol link errors. In order to resolve this, you can do:`LDFLAGS="-L/usr/lib" ./configure`. That will force the linker to search the default directory first, and thus pick up the system libraries first.

It is also possible to build "universal binaries" for MacOS X, containing `i386` and `x86_64` binaries in one file, using the `Makefile` from `configure`. This can be achieved by using the following invokation of `configure`

> `./configure CC="gcc -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -arch ppc" CPP="gcc -E"`

You can choose the combination of valid architectures (i386/x86_64/ppc) that you require.

The separate options for `CC` and `CPP` are required because some of the features used by `configure` to explore the capabilities of the preprocessor are not compatible with having multiple `-arch` options.

Building a shared library on MacOS X is the same as for other Unix-like systems, the "configure" step is done normally, and the "so" target is given to the make invocation, thus:

> `make so`

The only difference compared to other Unix-like systems is that on OS X the resulting shared library is created with the ".dylib" file name extension, instead of the more usual ".so".

## How to build Ghostscript from source (Unix version)

Ghostscript now ships with a build system for unix-like operating systems based on GNU Autoconf. In general the following should work to configure and build Ghostscript:

>     ./configure
>     make

or

>     ./configure
>     make so

for building ghostscript as a shared library.

Please report any problems with this method on your system as a bug.

On modern unix systems, `./configure` should create a `Makefile` which works in most scenarios. Manual tempering and editing should rarely be needed nor recommended.

Note that if you're building Ghostscript from development source out of a repository instead of from a released source package, you should run '`./autogen.sh`' instead of `./configure.` This script takes all the same options that configure does.

(deprecated; see Autoconf-based method above) For the convenience of those already familiar with Ghostscript, the old method based on hand-edited makefiles is still possible but no longer supported (and in many cases, simply do not work without substantial expert manual-editing effort). It may also be helpful in getting Ghostscript to build on very old platforms. The rest of this section deals exclusively with that older method and includes numerous pointers regarding legacy systems.

(deprecated; see Autoconf-based method above) Before issuing the `make` command to build Ghostscript, you have to make some choices, for instance

- which compiler to use;
- what features and devices to include;
- whether to use system libraries for PNG and zlib;
- and how to handle issues for your particular platform.

Be sure to check the sections on tool-, OS-, and hardware-specific issues for notes on your particular platform and compiler. In fact, that is the first place to check if you build Ghostscript and it crashes or produces obviously incorrect results.

#### make tools

You require a make tool which supports separate directories for the derived objects (such as object files, executables and dynamically created header files) and the source files.

In general, GNU make is the recommended choice, and some features (such as the building of the Linux/Unix shared library build ("make so") are only available with GNU make.

Other `make` implementations are known to work, but are not guaranteed to do so.

GNU make

Current versions of GNU `make` have no problems building Ghostscript.

### OS-specific issues

#### H-P RISC workstations

(see Autoconf-based method above)

- HP-UX versions before 11.0 do not support POSIX threads. Set `SYNC=nosync` in the makefile before building.
- Ghostscript builds on H-P machines with either GNU gcc or H-P's ANSI-capable `cc`. The minimal, non-ANSI-capable `cc` that shiped with some basic HPUX system does not work. If `cc` on your system doesn't accept the `-Aa` switch, then you need to get the full `cc` or gcc.
- If you use H-P's compiler, be sure you have upgraded to a recent release. Many bizarre symptoms have been reported trying to build Ghostscript with older, buggier compilers, for example:
  - The link step fails with a message about "`max`" not being defined.
  - The build succeeds, but the resulting executable fails to start up, with an error message like "Initializing... Unrecoverable error: typecheck in .registerencoding".
  - The build succeeds, but the resulting executable produces a black background on the first page of output.
- It is reported that On HPUX 9.* you need at least compiler patch PHSS_5723 and dld.sl patch PHSS_5734 to build Ghostscript. (As of late 1997, those patches are long obsolete; the current patches are compiler PHSS_10357 and dld.sl PHSS_11246. It is unknown whether current Ghostscript releases work with compiler/dld.sl versions older than these.)
- On HPUX 10.*, we don't know what combinations of compiler version and switches work. It is reported that On HPUX 10.20, setting "`CC=c89`" and "`CFLAGS=+O3 $(XCFLAGS)`" works, contradicting the information in the next paragraph, but this may be dependent on the specific compiler version.
- In either HPUX version, you need to set "`CC=cc -Aa`" (or use `-Ae` if you prefer), and set "`CFLAGS=-D_HPUX_SOURCE -O $(XCFLAGS)`". Higher levels of optimization than `-O` may work depending on your compiler revision; some users have reported success with `+O3`, some have not.
- Some users have reported needing `-DNOSYSTIME` and `-D_POSIX_SOURCE` in `CFLAGS`, but recent tests do not show these to be necessary.
- If you use gcc, it's a good idea to have a recent release -- at the very least 2.7.2.1 or later.You may be able to get a working executable with an older gcc by removing `-O` from `CFLAGS`.

#### IBM RS/6000 with AIX

We recommend installing gcc and GNU make, and using the Autoconf-based method.

Other combinations are known to work, but are less well supported.

#### Silicon Graphics

(see Autoconf-based method above)

Users have had a lot of problems with the MIPSpro compilers on SGI systems. We recommend using gcc. If you do choose to use the MIPSpro compiler, please read the following carefully.

- To make the optimizer allocate enough table space, set

  `CFLAGS="-Olimit 2500"` (for older compilers)
  `CFLAGS="-OPT:Olimit=2500"` (for newer compilers)

  MIPSpro compiler version 3.19 is "older", and 7.1 is "newer"; we aren't sure at what point in between the latter syntax was introduced.

- With the compiler shipped with Irix 5.2, use the `-ansi` option.
- The SGI C compiler may produce warnings about "Undefined the ANSI standard library defined macro stdin/stdout/stderr". To suppress these warnings, add "`-woff 608`" to the definition of `CFLAGS`.
- The SGI C compiler shipped with Irix 6.1 and 6.2 will not compile `zlib/deflate.c` properly with optimization. Compile this file separately without `-O`.
- With IRIX 6.5.x and the MIPSpro 7.x compilers there have been reports about incorrect output and binaries that cause segmentation faults. Various solutions have been suggested and you may want to try them in this order, until you get a working binary:
  - Compile `idict.c` and `isave.c` separately without optimization after doing a normal compile; then relink.e.g.:

    `cc -OPT:Olimit=2500 -I. -I./obj -o ./obj/idict.o -c ./idict.c`
    `cc -OPT:Olimit=2500 -I. -I./obj -o ./obj/isave.o -c ./isave.c`

  - Set `CFLAGS=` (no optimization).
  - Use only `-O2`. Compiler produces incorrect output with `-O3` or "`-Ofast=ip32 -show`".
  - Irix 6.5.1m with MIPSpro compiler 7.2.1.1m, Irix 6.5.3m with MIPSpro compiler 7.2.1, and probably other 6.5x / 7.2x combinations require compiling with the `-o32` option. Compiling with the (default) `-n32` option produces non-working executables. `-O2` is OK (possibly except for `idict.c`), but not `-O3`.

#### Oracle/Sun

(see Autoconf-based method above)

- The Sun unbundled C compiler (SC1.0) doesn't compile Ghostscript properly with the `-fast` option: Ghostscript core-dumps in `build_gs_font`. With that compiler use `-g`, or use gcc instead.
- The Sun version of `dbx` often gives up with an error message when trying to load Ghostscript. If this happens, use GNU `gdb` instead. (`gdb` is more reliable than `dbx` in other ways as well.)
- A bug in some versions of `zlib` results in an undefined symbol `zmemcmp` when compiling with Sun cc. Use gcc instead.

#### Solaris

- Solaris 2.2 may require setting "`EXTRALIBS=-lsocket`". Solaris 2.3 and later seem to require "`EXTRALIBS=-lnsl -lsocket -lposix4`".
- For Solaris 2.6 (and possibly some other versions), if you set `SHARE_LIBPNG=1`, `SHARE_ZLIB=1`, or `SHARE_JPEG=1`, you may need to set

  `XLDFLAGS=-R /usr/local/`xxx`/lib:/usr/local/lib`

  using the full path names of the relevant directories.

- Solaris 2.n uses `/usr/openwin/share/include` for the X11 libraries rather than `/usr/local/X/include`.
- Solaris 2.n typically has Type 1 fonts in `/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline`.
- For Solaris 2.`n` in the makefile you must change the definition of `INSTALL` from "`install -c`" to "`/usr/ucb/install -c`".
- You may need to set `XLIBDIR` to the directory that holds the X11 libraries, as for other SVR4 systems. Set `-DSVR4` in `CFLAGS`.
- If you are using the SunPRO C compiler, don't use optimization level `-xO3`. On SPARC platforms the compiler hangs; on Intel platforms the generated code is incorrect. With this compiler on Intel, do not use the `-native` flag: floating point computations become unacceptably inaccurate. You can use `-xcg92` (SPARC V8) and `-dalign` for better performance.
- One user reported compiling from source on a Linux NFS mounted volume failed. Compiling from a local volume was the workaround.

## Other environments

### Environments lacking multi-threading

All environments mentioned here by name have multi-threading capability. However, if your environment doesn't, you can remove all need for multi-threading by setting `SYNC=nosync` in the top-level makefile. Note that you will not be able to use any so-called "async" drivers (drivers that overlap interpretation and rasterization) if you do this. No such drivers are in the `DEVICE_DEVS*` lists of any makefile that we distribute.

### Plan 9

Use `unix-gcc.mak`, editing it to define

> `CC=cc GCFLAGS=-D_BSD_EXTENSION -DPlan9`

You will also probably have to edit many path names.

## How to build Ghostscript with UFST

Note: This section is only for customers who have a Monotype Imaging UFST license. Other users please skip this section.

Ghostscript sources do not include UFST sources. You need to obtain them separately. The Ghostscript distributed source include only some source modules that provide a bridge to UFST. You will also need an additional, UFST specific makefile: contact Ghostscript support for more information

If optioned in, the Ghostscript build system will build the UFST as part of the normal bulid process (previously, the UFST was required to be built separately).

To build Ghostscript with UFST, specify additional options for "make":

`UFST_BRIDGE=1`
  forces the UFST bridge to build.
`UFST_ROOT=path`
  specifies the path to UFST root directory or folder.
`UFST_CFLAGS=options`
  specifies C compiler options for UFST library. Refer to UFST manual for information about them.
`UFST_LIB_EXT=extension`
  sets the file name extension for object libraries. You must use the appropriate one for your platform and linker.

An example for Unix/GCC :

> `UFST_BRIDGE=1 UFST_ROOT=../ufst UFST_CFLAGS=-DGCCx86 UFST_LIB_EXT=.a`

Starting with Ghostscript 9.x (Summer 2010), the above options are conveniently inserted in the `Makefile` with (this also automatically disable the freetype bridge):

> `./configure --with-ufst=../ufst`

For Windows/MSVC you need only specify UFST_ROOT. msvc.mak sets the other options automatically.

Copyright © 2000-2006 Artifex Software, Inc. All rights reserved.

This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or implied. This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that license. Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com/ or contact Artifex Software, Inc., 7 Mt. Lassen Drive - Suite A-134, San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861, for further information.

Ghostscript version 9.18, 5 October 2015