Numpy manual contents

• NumPy User Guide
  • Introduction
    • What is NumPy?
    • Building and installing NumPy
      • Binary installers
        • Windows
        • Linux
        • Mac OS X
      • Building from source
        • Prerequisites
        • FORTRAN ABI mismatch
          • Choosing the fortran compiler
          • How to check the ABI of blas/lapack/atlas
        • Disabling ATLAS and other accelerated libraries
        • Supplying additional compiler flags
        • Building with ATLAS support
          • Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid) and 9.04 (Jaunty)
          • Ubuntu 8.04 and lower
    • How to find documentation
  • Numpy basics
    • Data types
      • Array types and conversions between types
      • Array Scalars
    • Array creation
      • Introduction
      • Converting Python array_like Objects to Numpy Arrays
      • Intrinsic Numpy Array Creation
      • Reading Arrays From Disk
        • Standard Binary Formats
        • Common ASCII Formats
        • Custom Binary Formats
        • Use of Special Libraries
    • I/O with Numpy
      • Importing data with genfromtxt
        • Defining the input
        • Splitting the lines into columns
          • The delimiter argument
          • The autostrip argument
          • The comments argument
        • Skipping lines and choosing columns
          • The skip_header and skip_footer arguments
          • The usecols argument
        • Choosing the data type
        • Setting the names
          • The names argument
          • The defaultfmt argument
          • Validating names
        • Tweaking the conversion
          • The converters argument
          • Using missing and filling values
          • missing_values
          • filling_values
          • usemask
        • Shortcut functions
    • Indexing
      • Assignment vs referencing
      • Single element indexing
      • Other indexing options
      • Index arrays
      • Indexing Multi-dimensional arrays
      • Boolean or “mask” index arrays
      • Combining index arrays with slices
      • Structural indexing tools
      • Assigning values to indexed arrays
      • Dealing with variable numbers of indices within programs
    • Broadcasting
      • General Broadcasting Rules
    • Byte-swapping
      • Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays
      • Changing byte ordering
        • Data and dtype endianness don’t match, change dtype to match data
        • Data and type endianness don’t match, change data to match dtype
        • Data and dtype endianness match, swap data and dtype
    • Structured arrays (aka “Record arrays”)
      • Structured Arrays (and Record Arrays)
        • Introduction
        • Defining Structured Arrays
        • Accessing and modifying field names
        • Accessing field titles
        • Accessing multiple fields at once
        • Filling structured arrays
        • More information
    • Subclassing ndarray
      • Credits
      • Introduction
        • ndarrays and object creation
      • View casting
      • Creating new from template
      • Relationship of view casting and new-from-template
      • Implications for subclassing
        • A brief Python primer on __new__ and __init__
        • The role of __array_finalize__
      • Simple example - adding an extra attribute to ndarray
      • Slightly more realistic example - attribute added to existing array
      • __array_wrap__ for ufuncs
      • Extra gotchas - custom __del__ methods and ndarray.base
  • Performance
  • Miscellaneous
    • IEEE 754 Floating Point Special Values
    • How numpy handles numerical exceptions
    • Examples
    • Interfacing to C
    • Interfacing to Fortran:
    • Interfacing to C++:
    • Methods vs. Functions
  • Using Numpy C-API
    • How to extend NumPy
      • Writing an extension module
      • Required subroutine
      • Defining functions
        • Functions without keyword arguments
        • Functions with keyword arguments
        • Reference counting
      • Dealing with array objects
        • Converting an arbitrary sequence object
        • Creating a brand-new ndarray
        • Getting at ndarray memory and accessing elements of the ndarray
      • Example
    • Using Python as glue
      • Calling other compiled libraries from Python
      • Hand-generated wrappers
      • f2py
        • Creating source for a basic extension module
        • Creating a compiled extension module
        • Improving the basic interface
        • Inserting directives in Fortran source
        • A filtering example
        • Calling f2py from Python
        • Automatic extension module generation
        • Conclusion
      • weave
        • Speed up code involving arrays (also see scipy.numexpr)
        • Inline C-code
        • Simplify creation of an extension module
        • Conclusion
      • Pyrex
        • Pyrex-add
        • Pyrex-filter
        • Conclusion
      • ctypes
        • Having a shared library
        • Loading the shared library
        • Converting arguments
        • Calling the function
        • Complete example
        • Conclusion
      • Additional tools you may find useful
        • SWIG
        • SIP
        • Boost Python
        • Instant
        • PyInline
        • PyFort
    • Writing your own ufunc
      • Creating a new universal function
      • Example Non-ufunc extension
      • Example Numpy ufunc for one dtype
      • Example Numpy ufunc with multiple dtypes
      • Example Numpy ufunc with multiple arguments/return values
      • Example Numpy ufunc with structured array dtype arguments
      • PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData Specification
    • Beyond the Basics
      • Iterating over elements in the array
        • Basic Iteration
        • Iterating over all but one axis
        • Iterating over multiple arrays
        • Broadcasting over multiple arrays
      • User-defined data-types
        • Adding the new data-type
        • Registering a casting function
        • Registering coercion rules
        • Registering a ufunc loop
      • Subtyping the ndarray in C
        • Creating sub-types
        • Specific features of ndarray sub-typing
          • The __array_finalize__ method
          • The __array_priority__ attribute
          • The __array_wrap__ method
• NumPy Reference
  • Array objects
    • The N-dimensional array (ndarray)
      • Constructing arrays
        • numpy.ndarray
          • numpy.ndarray.T
          • numpy.ndarray.data
          • numpy.ndarray.dtype
          • numpy.ndarray.flags
          • numpy.ndarray.flat
          • numpy.ndarray.imag
          • numpy.ndarray.real
          • numpy.ndarray.size
          • numpy.ndarray.itemsize
          • numpy.ndarray.nbytes
          • numpy.ndarray.ndim
          • numpy.ndarray.shape
          • numpy.ndarray.strides
          • numpy.ndarray.ctypes
          • numpy.ndarray.base
          • numpy.ndarray.all
          • numpy.ndarray.any
          • numpy.ndarray.argmax
          • numpy.ndarray.argmin
          • numpy.ndarray.argpartition
          • numpy.ndarray.argsort
          • numpy.ndarray.astype
          • numpy.ndarray.byteswap
          • numpy.ndarray.choose
          • numpy.ndarray.clip
          • numpy.ndarray.compress
          • numpy.ndarray.conj
          • numpy.ndarray.conjugate
          • numpy.ndarray.copy
          • numpy.ndarray.cumprod
          • numpy.ndarray.cumsum
          • numpy.ndarray.diagonal
          • numpy.ndarray.dot
          • numpy.ndarray.dump
          • numpy.ndarray.dumps
          • numpy.ndarray.fill
          • numpy.ndarray.flatten
          • numpy.ndarray.getfield
          • numpy.ndarray.item
          • numpy.ndarray.itemset
          • numpy.ndarray.max
          • numpy.ndarray.mean
          • numpy.ndarray.min
          • numpy.ndarray.newbyteorder
          • numpy.ndarray.nonzero
          • numpy.ndarray.partition
          • numpy.ndarray.prod
          • numpy.ndarray.ptp
          • numpy.ndarray.put
          • numpy.ndarray.ravel
          • numpy.ndarray.repeat
          • numpy.ndarray.reshape
          • numpy.ndarray.resize
          • numpy.ndarray.round
          • numpy.ndarray.searchsorted
          • numpy.ndarray.setfield
          • numpy.ndarray.setflags
          • numpy.ndarray.sort
          • numpy.ndarray.squeeze
          • numpy.ndarray.std
          • numpy.ndarray.sum
          • numpy.ndarray.swapaxes
          • numpy.ndarray.take
          • numpy.ndarray.tobytes
          • numpy.ndarray.tofile
          • numpy.ndarray.tolist
          • numpy.ndarray.tostring
          • numpy.ndarray.trace
          • numpy.ndarray.transpose
          • numpy.ndarray.var
          • numpy.ndarray.view
      • Indexing arrays
      • Internal memory layout of an ndarray
      • Array attributes
        • Memory layout
          • numpy.ndarray.flags
          • numpy.ndarray.shape
          • numpy.ndarray.strides
          • numpy.ndarray.ndim
          • numpy.ndarray.data
          • numpy.ndarray.size
          • numpy.ndarray.itemsize
          • numpy.ndarray.nbytes
          • numpy.ndarray.base
        • Data type
          • numpy.ndarray.dtype
        • Other attributes
          • numpy.ndarray.T
          • numpy.ndarray.real
          • numpy.ndarray.imag
          • numpy.ndarray.flat
          • numpy.ndarray.ctypes
        • Array interface
        • ctypes foreign function interface
          • numpy.ndarray.ctypes
      • Array methods
        • Array conversion
          • numpy.ndarray.item
          • numpy.ndarray.tolist
          • numpy.ndarray.itemset
          • numpy.ndarray.tostring
          • numpy.ndarray.tobytes
          • numpy.ndarray.tofile
          • numpy.ndarray.dump
          • numpy.ndarray.dumps
          • numpy.ndarray.astype
          • numpy.ndarray.byteswap
          • numpy.ndarray.copy
          • numpy.ndarray.view
          • numpy.ndarray.getfield
          • numpy.ndarray.setflags
          • numpy.ndarray.fill
        • Shape manipulation
          • numpy.ndarray.reshape
          • numpy.ndarray.resize
          • numpy.ndarray.transpose
          • numpy.ndarray.swapaxes
          • numpy.ndarray.flatten
          • numpy.ndarray.ravel
          • numpy.ndarray.squeeze
        • Item selection and manipulation
          • numpy.ndarray.take
          • numpy.ndarray.put
          • numpy.ndarray.repeat
          • numpy.ndarray.choose
          • numpy.ndarray.sort
          • numpy.ndarray.argsort
          • numpy.ndarray.partition
          • numpy.ndarray.argpartition
          • numpy.ndarray.searchsorted
          • numpy.ndarray.nonzero
          • numpy.ndarray.compress
          • numpy.ndarray.diagonal
        • Calculation
          • numpy.ndarray.argmax
          • numpy.ndarray.min
          • numpy.ndarray.argmin
          • numpy.ndarray.ptp
          • numpy.ndarray.clip
          • numpy.ndarray.conj
          • numpy.ndarray.round
          • numpy.ndarray.trace
          • numpy.ndarray.sum
          • numpy.ndarray.cumsum
          • numpy.ndarray.mean
          • numpy.ndarray.var
          • numpy.ndarray.std
          • numpy.ndarray.prod
          • numpy.ndarray.cumprod
          • numpy.ndarray.all
          • numpy.ndarray.any
      • Arithmetic and comparison operations
        • numpy.ndarray.__lt__
        • numpy.ndarray.__le__
        • numpy.ndarray.__gt__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ge__
        • numpy.ndarray.__eq__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ne__
        • numpy.ndarray.__nonzero__
        • numpy.ndarray.__neg__
        • numpy.ndarray.__pos__
        • numpy.ndarray.__abs__
        • numpy.ndarray.__invert__
        • numpy.ndarray.__add__
        • numpy.ndarray.__sub__
        • numpy.ndarray.__mul__
        • numpy.ndarray.__div__
        • numpy.ndarray.__truediv__
        • numpy.ndarray.__floordiv__
        • numpy.ndarray.__mod__
        • numpy.ndarray.__divmod__
        • numpy.ndarray.__pow__
        • numpy.ndarray.__lshift__
        • numpy.ndarray.__rshift__
        • numpy.ndarray.__and__
        • numpy.ndarray.__or__
        • numpy.ndarray.__xor__
        • numpy.ndarray.__iadd__
        • numpy.ndarray.__isub__
        • numpy.ndarray.__imul__
        • numpy.ndarray.__idiv__
        • numpy.ndarray.__itruediv__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ifloordiv__
        • numpy.ndarray.__imod__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ipow__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ilshift__
        • numpy.ndarray.__irshift__
        • numpy.ndarray.__iand__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ior__
        • numpy.ndarray.__ixor__
      • Special methods
        • numpy.ndarray.__copy__
        • numpy.ndarray.__deepcopy__
        • numpy.ndarray.__reduce__
        • numpy.ndarray.__setstate__
        • numpy.ndarray.__new__
        • numpy.ndarray.__array__
        • numpy.ndarray.__array_wrap__
        • numpy.ndarray.__len__
        • numpy.ndarray.__getitem__
        • numpy.ndarray.__setitem__
        • numpy.ndarray.__getslice__
        • numpy.ndarray.__setslice__
        • numpy.ndarray.__contains__
        • numpy.ndarray.__int__
        • numpy.ndarray.__long__
        • numpy.ndarray.__float__
        • numpy.ndarray.__oct__
        • numpy.ndarray.__hex__
        • numpy.ndarray.__str__
        • numpy.ndarray.__repr__
    • Scalars
      • Built-in scalar types
      • Attributes
        • numpy.generic.flags
        • numpy.generic.shape
        • numpy.generic.strides
        • numpy.generic.ndim
        • numpy.generic.data
        • numpy.generic.size
        • numpy.generic.itemsize
        • numpy.generic.base
        • numpy.generic.dtype
        • numpy.generic.real
        • numpy.generic.imag
        • numpy.generic.flat
        • numpy.generic.T
        • numpy.generic.__array_interface__
        • numpy.generic.__array_struct__
        • numpy.generic.__array_priority__
        • numpy.generic.__array_wrap__
      • Indexing
      • Methods
        • numpy.generic
          • numpy.generic.T
          • numpy.generic.base
          • numpy.generic.data
          • numpy.generic.dtype
          • numpy.generic.flags
          • numpy.generic.flat
          • numpy.generic.imag
          • numpy.generic.itemsize
          • numpy.generic.nbytes
          • numpy.generic.ndim
          • numpy.generic.real
          • numpy.generic.shape
          • numpy.generic.size
          • numpy.generic.strides
          • numpy.generic.all
          • numpy.generic.any
          • numpy.generic.argmax
          • numpy.generic.argmin
          • numpy.generic.argsort
          • numpy.generic.astype
          • numpy.generic.byteswap
          • numpy.generic.choose
          • numpy.generic.clip
          • numpy.generic.compress
          • numpy.generic.conj
          • numpy.generic.conjugate
          • numpy.generic.copy
          • numpy.generic.cumprod
          • numpy.generic.cumsum
          • numpy.generic.diagonal
          • numpy.generic.dump
          • numpy.generic.dumps
          • numpy.generic.fill
          • numpy.generic.flatten
          • numpy.generic.getfield
          • numpy.generic.item
          • numpy.generic.itemset
          • numpy.generic.max
          • numpy.generic.mean
          • numpy.generic.min
          • numpy.generic.newbyteorder
          • numpy.generic.nonzero
          • numpy.generic.prod
          • numpy.generic.ptp
          • numpy.generic.put
          • numpy.generic.ravel
          • numpy.generic.repeat
          • numpy.generic.reshape
          • numpy.generic.resize
          • numpy.generic.round
          • numpy.generic.searchsorted
          • numpy.generic.setfield
          • numpy.generic.setflags
          • numpy.generic.sort
          • numpy.generic.squeeze
          • numpy.generic.std
          • numpy.generic.sum
          • numpy.generic.swapaxes
          • numpy.generic.take
          • numpy.generic.tobytes
          • numpy.generic.tofile
          • numpy.generic.tolist
          • numpy.generic.tostring
          • numpy.generic.trace
          • numpy.generic.transpose
          • numpy.generic.var
          • numpy.generic.view
        • numpy.generic.__array__
        • numpy.generic.__array_wrap__
        • numpy.generic.squeeze
        • numpy.generic.byteswap
        • numpy.generic.__reduce__
        • numpy.generic.__setstate__
        • numpy.generic.setflags
      • Defining new types
    • Data type objects (dtype)
      • Specifying and constructing data types
        • numpy.dtype
          • numpy.dtype.base
          • numpy.dtype.descr
          • numpy.dtype.fields
          • numpy.dtype.hasobject
          • numpy.dtype.isalignedstruct
          • numpy.dtype.isbuiltin
          • numpy.dtype.isnative
          • numpy.dtype.metadata
          • numpy.dtype.name
          • numpy.dtype.names
          • numpy.dtype.shape
          • numpy.dtype.str
          • numpy.dtype.subdtype
          • numpy.dtype.newbyteorder
      • dtype
        • Attributes
          • numpy.dtype.type
          • numpy.dtype.kind
          • numpy.dtype.char
          • numpy.dtype.num
          • numpy.dtype.str
          • numpy.dtype.name
          • numpy.dtype.itemsize
          • numpy.dtype.byteorder
          • numpy.dtype.fields
          • numpy.dtype.names
          • numpy.dtype.subdtype
          • numpy.dtype.shape
          • numpy.dtype.hasobject
          • numpy.dtype.flags
          • numpy.dtype.isbuiltin
          • numpy.dtype.isnative
          • numpy.dtype.descr
          • numpy.dtype.alignment
        • Methods
          • numpy.dtype.newbyteorder
          • numpy.dtype.__reduce__
          • numpy.dtype.__setstate__
    • Indexing
      • Basic Slicing and Indexing
      • Advanced Indexing
        • Integer array indexing
          • Purely integer array indexing
          • Combining advanced and basic indexing
        • Boolean array indexing
      • Detailed notes
      • Record Access
      • Flat Iterator indexing
    • Iterating Over Arrays
      • Single Array Iteration
        • Controlling Iteration Order
        • Modifying Array Values
        • Using an External Loop
        • Tracking an Index or Multi-Index
        • Buffering the Array Elements
        • Iterating as a Specific Data Type
      • Broadcasting Array Iteration
        • Iterator-Allocated Output Arrays
        • Outer Product Iteration
        • Reduction Iteration
      • Putting the Inner Loop in Cython
    • Standard array subclasses
      • Special attributes and methods
      • Matrix objects
        • numpy.matrix.T
        • numpy.matrix.H
        • numpy.matrix.I
        • numpy.matrix.A
      • Memory-mapped file arrays
      • Character arrays (numpy.char)
        • numpy.core.defchararray.array
      • Record arrays (numpy.rec)
      • Masked arrays (numpy.ma)
      • Standard container class
        • numpy.lib.user_array.container
          • numpy.lib.user_array.container.astype
          • numpy.lib.user_array.container.byteswap
          • numpy.lib.user_array.container.copy
          • numpy.lib.user_array.container.tostring
      • Array Iterators
        • Default iteration
        • Flat iteration
          • numpy.ndarray.flat
        • N-dimensional enumeration
        • Iterator for broadcasting
          • numpy.broadcast
            • numpy.broadcast.index
            • numpy.broadcast.iters
            • numpy.broadcast.shape
            • numpy.broadcast.size
            • numpy.broadcast.next
            • numpy.broadcast.reset
    • Masked arrays
      • The numpy.ma module
        • Rationale
        • What is a masked array?
        • The numpy.ma module
      • Using numpy.ma
        • Constructing masked arrays
        • Accessing the data
        • Accessing the mask
        • Accessing only the valid entries
        • Modifying the mask
          • Masking an entry
          • Unmasking an entry
        • Indexing and slicing
        • Operations on masked arrays
      • Examples
        • Data with a given value representing missing data
        • Filling in the missing data
        • Numerical operations
        • Ignoring extreme values
      • Constants of the numpy.ma module
      • The MaskedArray class
        • Attributes and properties of masked arrays
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.base
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.ctypes
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.dtype
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.flags
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.itemsize
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.nbytes
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.ndim
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.shape
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.size
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.strides
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.imag
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.real
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.flat
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__array_priority__
      • MaskedArray methods
        • Conversion
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__hex__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__long__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__oct__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.byteswap
        • Shape manipulation
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.T
        • Item selection and manipulation
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.choose
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.fill
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.item
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.searchsorted
        • Pickling and copy
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.dump
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.dumps
        • Calculations
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.conj
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.conjugate
        • Arithmetic and comparison operations
          • Comparison operators:
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__lt__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__le__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__gt__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__ge__
          • Truth value of an array (bool):
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__nonzero__
          • Arithmetic:
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__abs__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rdiv__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__mod__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rmod__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__divmod__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rdivmod__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__lshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rlshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rrshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__and__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rand__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__or__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__ror__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__xor__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__rxor__
          • Arithmetic, in-place:
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__imod__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__ilshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__irshift__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__iand__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__ior__
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__ixor__
        • Representation
        • Special methods
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__copy__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__array__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__len__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__delitem__
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.__contains__
        • Specific methods
          • Handling the mask
          • Handling the fill_value
          • Counting the missing elements
      • Masked array operations
        • Constants
        • Creation
          • From existing data
          • Ones and zeros
        • Inspecting the array
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.data
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.mask
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.recordmask
        • Manipulating a MaskedArray
          • Changing the shape
          • Modifying axes
          • Changing the number of dimensions
          • Joining arrays
        • Operations on masks
          • Creating a mask
          • Accessing a mask
            • numpy.ma.masked_array.mask
          • Finding masked data
          • Modifying a mask
        • Conversion operations
          • > to a masked array
          • > to a ndarray
          • > to another object
          • Pickling and unpickling
          • Filling a masked array
            • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.fill_value
        • Masked arrays arithmetics
          • Arithmetics
          • Minimum/maximum
          • Sorting
          • Algebra
          • Polynomial fit
          • Clipping and rounding
          • Miscellanea
    • The Array Interface
      • Python side
      • C-struct access
      • Type description examples
      • Differences with Array interface (Version 2)
    • Datetimes and Timedeltas
      • Basic Datetimes
      • Datetime and Timedelta Arithmetic
      • Datetime Units
      • Business Day Functionality
        • np.is_busday():
        • np.busday_count():
          • Custom Weekmasks
      • Differences Between 1.6 and 1.7 Datetimes
        • String Parsing
        • Unit Conversion
        • Datetime Arithmetic
  • Universal functions (ufunc)
    • Broadcasting
    • Output type determination
    • Use of internal buffers
    • Error handling
    • Casting Rules
    • Overriding Ufunc behavior
    • ufunc
      • Optional keyword arguments
      • Attributes
        • numpy.ufunc.nin
        • numpy.ufunc.nout
        • numpy.ufunc.nargs
        • numpy.ufunc.ntypes
        • numpy.ufunc.types
        • numpy.ufunc.identity
      • Methods
        • numpy.ufunc.reduce
        • numpy.ufunc.accumulate
        • numpy.ufunc.reduceat
        • numpy.ufunc.outer
        • numpy.ufunc.at
    • Available ufuncs
      • Math operations
      • Trigonometric functions
      • Bit-twiddling functions
      • Comparison functions
      • Floating functions
  • Routines
    • Array creation routines
      • Ones and zeros
      • From existing data
      • Creating record arrays (numpy.rec)
        • numpy.core.records.array
        • numpy.core.records.fromarrays
        • numpy.core.records.fromrecords
        • numpy.core.records.fromstring
        • numpy.core.records.fromfile
      • Creating character arrays (numpy.char)
        • numpy.core.defchararray.array
        • numpy.core.defchararray.asarray
      • Numerical ranges
      • Building matrices
      • The Matrix class
    • Array manipulation routines
      • Basic operations
      • Changing array shape
        • numpy.ndarray.flat
        • numpy.ndarray.flatten
      • Transpose-like operations
        • numpy.ndarray.T
      • Changing number of dimensions
        • numpy.broadcast
          • numpy.broadcast.index
          • numpy.broadcast.iters
          • numpy.broadcast.shape
          • numpy.broadcast.size
          • numpy.broadcast.next
          • numpy.broadcast.reset
      • Changing kind of array
      • Joining arrays
      • Splitting arrays
      • Tiling arrays
      • Adding and removing elements
      • Rearranging elements
    • Binary operations
      • Elementwise bit operations
        • numpy.bitwise_and
        • numpy.bitwise_or
        • numpy.bitwise_xor
        • numpy.invert
        • numpy.left_shift
        • numpy.right_shift
      • Bit packing
      • Output formatting
    • String operations
      • String operations
        • numpy.core.defchararray.add
        • numpy.core.defchararray.multiply
        • numpy.core.defchararray.mod
        • numpy.core.defchararray.capitalize
        • numpy.core.defchararray.center
        • numpy.core.defchararray.decode
        • numpy.core.defchararray.encode
        • numpy.core.defchararray.join
        • numpy.core.defchararray.ljust
        • numpy.core.defchararray.lower
        • numpy.core.defchararray.lstrip
        • numpy.core.defchararray.partition
        • numpy.core.defchararray.replace
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rjust
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rpartition
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rsplit
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rstrip
        • numpy.core.defchararray.split
        • numpy.core.defchararray.splitlines
        • numpy.core.defchararray.strip
        • numpy.core.defchararray.swapcase
        • numpy.core.defchararray.title
        • numpy.core.defchararray.translate
        • numpy.core.defchararray.upper
        • numpy.core.defchararray.zfill
      • Comparison
        • numpy.core.defchararray.equal
        • numpy.core.defchararray.not_equal
        • numpy.core.defchararray.greater_equal
        • numpy.core.defchararray.less_equal
        • numpy.core.defchararray.greater
        • numpy.core.defchararray.less
      • String information
        • numpy.core.defchararray.count
        • numpy.core.defchararray.find
        • numpy.core.defchararray.index
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isalpha
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isdecimal
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isdigit
        • numpy.core.defchararray.islower
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isnumeric
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isspace
        • numpy.core.defchararray.istitle
        • numpy.core.defchararray.isupper
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rfind
        • numpy.core.defchararray.rindex
        • numpy.core.defchararray.startswith
      • Convenience class
        • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.T
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.base
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.ctypes
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.data
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.dtype
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.flags
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.flat
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.imag
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.itemsize
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.nbytes
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.ndim
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.real
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.shape
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.size
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.strides
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.astype
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.copy
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.count
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.decode
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.dump
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.dumps
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.encode
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.endswith
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.expandtabs
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.fill
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.find
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.flatten
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.getfield
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.index
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isalnum
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isalpha
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isdecimal
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isdigit
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.islower
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isnumeric
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isspace
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.istitle
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.isupper
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.item
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.join
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.ljust
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.lower
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.lstrip
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.nonzero
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.put
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.ravel
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.repeat
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.replace
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.reshape
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.resize
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.rfind
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.rindex
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.rjust
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.rsplit
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.rstrip
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.searchsorted
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.setfield
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.setflags
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.sort
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.split
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.splitlines
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.squeeze
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.startswith
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.strip
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.swapaxes
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.swapcase
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.take
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.title
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.tofile
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.tolist
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.tostring
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.translate
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.transpose
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.upper
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.view
          • numpy.core.defchararray.chararray.zfill
    • C-Types Foreign Function Interface (numpy.ctypeslib)
    • Datetime Support Functions
      • Business Day Functions
        • numpy.busdaycalendar
          • numpy.busdaycalendar.weekmask
          • numpy.busdaycalendar.holidays
    • Data type routines
      • Creating data types
        • numpy.dtype
          • numpy.dtype.base
          • numpy.dtype.descr
          • numpy.dtype.fields
          • numpy.dtype.hasobject
          • numpy.dtype.isalignedstruct
          • numpy.dtype.isbuiltin
          • numpy.dtype.isnative
          • numpy.dtype.metadata
          • numpy.dtype.name
          • numpy.dtype.names
          • numpy.dtype.shape
          • numpy.dtype.str
          • numpy.dtype.subdtype
          • numpy.dtype.newbyteorder
      • Data type information
      • Data type testing
      • Miscellaneous
    • Optionally Scipy-accelerated routines (numpy.dual)
      • Linear algebra
      • FFT
      • Other
    • Mathematical functions with automatic domain (numpy.emath)
    • Floating point error handling
      • Setting and getting error handling
      • Internal functions
    • Discrete Fourier Transform (numpy.fft)
      • Standard FFTs
      • Real FFTs
      • Hermitian FFTs
      • Helper routines
      • Background information
      • Implementation details
      • Real and Hermitian transforms
      • Higher dimensions
      • References
      • Examples
    • Financial functions
      • Simple financial functions
    • Functional programming
    • Numpy-specific help functions
      • Finding help
      • Reading help
    • Indexing routines
      • Generating index arrays
      • Indexing-like operations
      • Inserting data into arrays
      • Iterating over arrays
        • numpy.nditer
          • numpy.nditer.copy
          • numpy.nditer.debug_print
          • numpy.nditer.enable_external_loop
          • numpy.nditer.iternext
          • numpy.nditer.next
          • numpy.nditer.remove_axis
          • numpy.nditer.remove_multi_index
          • numpy.nditer.reset
        • numpy.flatiter
          • numpy.flatiter.coords
          • numpy.flatiter.copy
          • numpy.flatiter.next
    • Input and output
      • NPZ files
      • Text files
        • numpy.ndarray.tofile
        • numpy.ndarray.tolist
      • Raw binary files
      • String formatting
      • Memory mapping files
      • Text formatting options
      • Base-n representations
      • Data sources
    • Linear algebra (numpy.linalg)
      • Matrix and vector products
      • Decompositions
      • Matrix eigenvalues
      • Norms and other numbers
      • Solving equations and inverting matrices
      • Exceptions
      • Linear algebra on several matrices at once
    • Logic functions
      • Truth value testing
      • Array contents
        • numpy.isfinite
        • numpy.isinf
        • numpy.isnan
      • Array type testing
      • Logical operations
        • numpy.logical_and
        • numpy.logical_or
        • numpy.logical_not
        • numpy.logical_xor
      • Comparison
        • numpy.greater
        • numpy.greater_equal
        • numpy.less
        • numpy.less_equal
        • numpy.equal
        • numpy.not_equal
    • Masked array operations
      • Constants
      • Creation
        • From existing data
        • Ones and zeros
      • Inspecting the array
        • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.data
        • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.mask
        • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.recordmask
      • Manipulating a MaskedArray
        • Changing the shape
        • Modifying axes
        • Changing the number of dimensions
        • Joining arrays
      • Operations on masks
        • Creating a mask
        • Accessing a mask
          • numpy.ma.masked_array.mask
        • Finding masked data
        • Modifying a mask
      • Conversion operations
        • > to a masked array
        • > to a ndarray
        • > to another object
        • Pickling and unpickling
        • Filling a masked array
          • numpy.ma.MaskedArray.fill_value
      • Masked arrays arithmetics
        • Arithmetics
        • Minimum/maximum
        • Sorting
        • Algebra
        • Polynomial fit
        • Clipping and rounding
        • Miscellanea
    • Mathematical functions
      • Trigonometric functions
        • numpy.sin
        • numpy.cos
        • numpy.tan
        • numpy.arcsin
        • numpy.arccos
        • numpy.arctan
        • numpy.hypot
        • numpy.arctan2
        • numpy.degrees
        • numpy.radians
        • numpy.deg2rad
        • numpy.rad2deg
      • Hyperbolic functions
        • numpy.sinh
        • numpy.cosh
        • numpy.tanh
        • numpy.arcsinh
        • numpy.arccosh
        • numpy.arctanh
      • Rounding
        • numpy.rint
        • numpy.floor
        • numpy.ceil
        • numpy.trunc
      • Sums, products, differences
      • Exponents and logarithms
        • numpy.exp
        • numpy.expm1
        • numpy.exp2
        • numpy.log
        • numpy.log10
        • numpy.log2
        • numpy.log1p
        • numpy.logaddexp
        • numpy.logaddexp2
      • Other special functions
      • Floating point routines
        • numpy.signbit
        • numpy.copysign
        • numpy.frexp
        • numpy.ldexp
      • Arithmetic operations
        • numpy.add
        • numpy.reciprocal
        • numpy.negative
        • numpy.multiply
        • numpy.divide
        • numpy.power
        • numpy.subtract
        • numpy.true_divide
        • numpy.floor_divide
        • numpy.fmod
        • numpy.mod
        • numpy.modf
        • numpy.remainder
      • Handling complex numbers
        • numpy.conj
      • Miscellaneous
        • numpy.sqrt
        • numpy.square
        • numpy.absolute
        • numpy.fabs
        • numpy.sign
        • numpy.maximum
        • numpy.minimum
        • numpy.fmax
        • numpy.fmin
    • Matrix library (numpy.matlib)
      • numpy.matlib.empty
      • numpy.matlib.zeros
      • numpy.matlib.ones
      • numpy.matlib.eye
      • numpy.matlib.identity
      • numpy.matlib.repmat
      • numpy.matlib.rand
      • numpy.matlib.randn
    • Miscellaneous routines
      • Buffer objects
      • Performance tuning
    • Padding Arrays
    • Polynomials
      • Transition notice
        • Polynomial Package
          • Using the Convenience Classes
            • Basics
            • Calculus
            • Other Polynomial Constructors
            • Fitting
          • Polynomial Module (numpy.polynomial.polynomial)
            • Polynomial Class
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.Polynomial
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyval
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polygrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polygrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyroots
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyfromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyfit
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyvander
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyvander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyvander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyder
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyadd
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polysub
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polymul
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polymulx
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polydiv
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polypow
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polycompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polydomain
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyzero
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyone
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyx
              • numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyline
          • Chebyshev Module (numpy.polynomial.chebyshev)
            • Chebyshev Class
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.Chebyshev
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebval
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebgrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebgrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebroots
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebfromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebfit
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebvander
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebvander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebvander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebder
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebadd
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebsub
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebmul
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebmulx
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebdiv
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebpow
            • Quadrature
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebgauss
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebweight
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebcompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebdomain
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebzero
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebone
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebx
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebline
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.cheb2poly
              • numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.poly2cheb
          • Legendre Module (numpy.polynomial.legendre)
            • Legendre Class
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.Legendre
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legval
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.leggrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.leggrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legroots
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legfromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legfit
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legvander
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legvander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legvander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legder
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legadd
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legsub
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legmul
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legmulx
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legdiv
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legpow
            • Quadrature
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.leggauss
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legweight
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legcompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legdomain
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legzero
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legone
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legx
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.legline
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.leg2poly
              • numpy.polynomial.legendre.poly2leg
          • Laguerre Module (numpy.polynomial.laguerre)
            • Laguerre Class
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.Laguerre
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagval
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.laggrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.laggrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagroots
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagfromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagfit
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagvander
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagvander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagvander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagder
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagadd
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagsub
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagmul
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagmulx
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagdiv
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagpow
            • Quadrature
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagweight
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagcompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagdomain
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagzero
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagone
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagx
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lagline
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.lag2poly
              • numpy.polynomial.laguerre.poly2lag
          • Hermite Module, “Physicists’” (numpy.polynomial.hermite)
            • Hermite Class
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.Hermite
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermval
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermgrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermgrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermroots
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermfromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermfit
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermvander
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermvander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermvander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermder
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermadd
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermsub
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermmul
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermmulx
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermdiv
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermpow
            • Quadrature
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermgauss
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermweight
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermcompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermdomain
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermzero
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermone
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermx
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermline
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.herm2poly
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite.poly2herm
          • HermiteE Module, “Probabilists’” (numpy.polynomial.hermite_e)
            • HermiteE Class
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.HermiteE
            • Basics
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeval
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeval2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeval3d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermegrid2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermegrid3d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeroots
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermefromroots
            • Fitting
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermefit
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermevander
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermevander2d
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermevander3d
            • Calculus
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeder
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeint
            • Algebra
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeadd
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermesub
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermemul
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermemulx
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermediv
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermepow
            • Quadrature
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermegauss
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeweight
            • Miscellaneous
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermecompanion
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermedomain
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermezero
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeone
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermex
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeline
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.herme2poly
              • numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.poly2herme
        • Poly1d
          • Basics
          • Fitting
          • Calculus
          • Arithmetic
          • Warnings
    • Random sampling (numpy.random)
      • Simple random data
        • numpy.random.rand
        • numpy.random.randn
        • numpy.random.randint
        • numpy.random.random_integers
        • numpy.random.random_sample
        • numpy.random.random
        • numpy.random.ranf
        • numpy.random.sample
        • numpy.random.choice
        • numpy.random.bytes
      • Permutations
        • numpy.random.shuffle
        • numpy.random.permutation
      • Distributions
        • numpy.random.beta
        • numpy.random.binomial
        • numpy.random.chisquare
        • numpy.random.dirichlet
        • numpy.random.exponential
        • numpy.random.f
        • numpy.random.gamma
        • numpy.random.geometric
        • numpy.random.gumbel
        • numpy.random.hypergeometric
        • numpy.random.laplace
        • numpy.random.logistic
        • numpy.random.lognormal
        • numpy.random.logseries
        • numpy.random.multinomial
        • numpy.random.multivariate_normal
        • numpy.random.negative_binomial
        • numpy.random.noncentral_chisquare
        • numpy.random.noncentral_f
        • numpy.random.normal
        • numpy.random.pareto
        • numpy.random.poisson
        • numpy.random.power
        • numpy.random.rayleigh
        • numpy.random.standard_cauchy
        • numpy.random.standard_exponential
        • numpy.random.standard_gamma
        • numpy.random.standard_normal
        • numpy.random.standard_t
        • numpy.random.triangular
        • numpy.random.uniform
        • numpy.random.vonmises
        • numpy.random.wald
        • numpy.random.weibull
        • numpy.random.zipf
      • Random generator
        • numpy.random.seed
        • numpy.random.get_state
        • numpy.random.set_state
    • Set routines
      • Making proper sets
      • Boolean operations
    • Sorting, searching, and counting
      • Sorting
        • numpy.ndarray.sort
      • Searching
      • Counting
    • Statistics
      • Order statistics
      • Averages and variances
      • Correlating
      • Histograms
    • Test Support (numpy.testing)
      • Asserts
      • Decorators
        • numpy.testing.decorators.deprecated
        • numpy.testing.decorators.knownfailureif
        • numpy.testing.decorators.setastest
        • numpy.testing.decorators.skipif
        • numpy.testing.decorators.slow
      • Test Running
    • Window functions
      • Various windows
  • Packaging (numpy.distutils)
    • Modules in numpy.distutils
      • misc_util
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.get_numpy_include_dirs
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.dict_append
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.appendpath
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.allpath
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.dot_join
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.generate_config_py
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.get_cmd
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.terminal_has_colors
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.red_text
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.green_text
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.yellow_text
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.blue_text
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.cyan_text
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.cyg2win32
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.all_strings
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.has_f_sources
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.has_cxx_sources
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.filter_sources
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.get_dependencies
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.is_local_src_dir
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.get_ext_source_files
        • numpy.distutils.misc_util.get_script_files
      • Other modules
        • numpy.distutils.system_info.get_info
        • numpy.distutils.system_info.get_standard_file
        • numpy.distutils.cpuinfo.cpu
        • numpy.distutils.log.set_verbosity
        • numpy.distutils.exec_command
    • Building Installable C libraries
      • npy-pkg-config files
      • Reusing a C library from another package
    • Conversion of .src files
      • Fortran files
        • Named repeat rule
        • Short repeat rule
        • Pre-defined names
      • Other files
  • Numpy C-API
    • Python Types and C-Structures
      • New Python Types Defined
        • PyArray_Type
        • PyArrayDescr_Type
        • PyUFunc_Type
        • PyArrayIter_Type
        • PyArrayMultiIter_Type
        • PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Type
        • PyArrayFlags_Type
        • ScalarArrayTypes
      • Other C-Structures
        • PyArray_Dims
        • PyArray_Chunk
        • PyArrayInterface
        • Internally used structures
    • System configuration
      • Data type sizes
      • Platform information
    • Data Type API
      • Enumerated Types
      • Defines
        • Max and min values for integers
        • Number of bits in data types
        • Bit-width references to enumerated typenums
        • Integer that can hold a pointer
      • C-type names
        • Boolean
        • (Un)Signed Integer
        • (Complex) Floating point
        • Bit-width names
      • Printf Formatting
    • Array API
      • Array structure and data access
        • Data access
      • Creating arrays
        • From scratch
        • From other objects
      • Dealing with types
        • General check of Python Type
        • Data-type checking
        • Converting data types
        • New data types
        • Special functions for NPY_OBJECT
      • Array flags
        • Basic Array Flags
        • Combinations of array flags
        • Flag-like constants
        • Flag checking
      • Array method alternative API
        • Conversion
        • Shape Manipulation
        • Item selection and manipulation
        • Calculation
      • Functions
        • Array Functions
        • Other functions
      • Auxiliary Data With Object Semantics
      • Array Iterators
      • Broadcasting (multi-iterators)
      • Neighborhood iterator
      • Array Scalars
      • Data-type descriptors
      • Conversion Utilities
        • For use with :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`
        • Other conversions
      • Miscellaneous
        • Importing the API
        • Checking the API Version
        • Internal Flexibility
        • Memory management
        • Threading support
          • Group 1
          • Group 2
        • Priority
        • Default buffers
        • Other constants
        • Miscellaneous Macros
        • Enumerated Types
    • Array Iterator API
      • Array Iterator
      • Converting from Previous NumPy Iterators
      • Simple Iteration Example
      • Simple Multi-Iteration Example
      • Iterator Data Types
      • Construction and Destruction
      • Functions For Iteration
    • UFunc API
      • Constants
      • Macros
      • Functions
      • Generic functions
      • Importing the API
    • Generalized Universal Function API
      • Definitions
      • Details of Signature
      • C-API for implementing Elementary Functions
    • Numpy core libraries
      • Numpy core math library
        • Floating point classification
        • Useful math constants
        • Low-level floating point manipulation
        • Complex functions
        • Linking against the core math library in an extension
        • Half-precision functions
    • C API Deprecations
      • Background
      • Deprecation Mechanism NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API
  • Numpy internals
    • Numpy C Code Explanations
      • Memory model
      • Data-type encapsulation
      • N-D Iterators
      • Broadcasting
      • Array Scalars
      • Advanced (“Fancy”) Indexing
        • Fancy-indexing check
        • Fancy-indexing implementation
          • Creating the mapping object
          • Binding the mapping object
          • Getting (or Setting)
      • Universal Functions
        • Setup
        • Function call
          • One Loop
          • Strided Loop
          • Buffered Loop
        • Final output manipulation
        • Methods
          • Setup
          • Reduce
          • Accumulate
          • Reduceat
    • Internal organization of numpy arrays
    • Multidimensional Array Indexing Order Issues
  • Numpy and SWIG
    • Numpy.i: a SWIG Interface File for NumPy
      • Introduction
      • Using numpy.i
      • Available Typemaps
        • Input Arrays
        • In-Place Arrays
        • Argout Arrays
        • Argout View Arrays
        • Memory Managed Argout View Arrays
        • Output Arrays
        • Other Common Types: bool
        • Other Common Types: complex
      • NumPy Array Scalars and SWIG
        • Why is There a Second File?
      • Helper Functions
        • Macros
        • Routines
      • Beyond the Provided Typemaps
        • A Common Example
        • Other Situations
        • A Final Note
      • Summary
    • Testing the numpy.i Typemaps
      • Introduction
      • Testing Organization
      • Testing Header Files
      • Testing Source Files
      • Testing SWIG Interface Files
      • Testing Python Scripts
  • Acknowledgements
• F2PY Users Guide and Reference Manual
  • Introduction
    • Three ways to wrap - getting started
      • The quick way
      • The smart way
      • The quick and smart way
    • Signature file
      • Python module block
      • Fortran/C routine signatures
        • Type declarations
        • Statements
        • Attributes
      • Extensions
        • F2PY directives
        • C expressions
        • Multiline blocks
    • Using F2PY bindings in Python
      • Scalar arguments
      • String arguments
      • Array arguments
      • Call-back arguments
        • Resolving arguments to call-back functions
      • Common blocks
      • Fortran 90 module data
        • Allocatable arrays
    • Using F2PY
      • Command f2py
      • Python module f2py2e
    • Using via numpy.distutils
    • Advanced F2PY usages
      • Adding self-written functions to F2PY generated modules
      • Modifying the dictionary of a F2PY generated module
• Contributing to Numpy
  • Working with NumPy source code
    • Introduction
      • Install git
        • Overview
        • In detail
    • Following the latest source
      • Get the local copy of the code
      • Updating the code
    • Git for development
      • Getting started with Git development
        • Basic Git setup
        • Making your own copy (fork) of NumPy
          • Set up and configure a github account
          • Create your own forked copy of NumPy
        • Set up your fork
          • Overview
          • In detail
            • Clone your fork
            • Linking your repository to the upstream repo
      • Git configuration
        • Overview
        • In detail
          • user.name and user.email
          • Aliases
          • Editor
          • Merging
      • Development workflow
        • Basic workflow
          • Making a new feature branch
          • The editing workflow
            • Overview
            • In more detail
            • Writing the commit message
          • Rebasing on master
            • Recovering from mess-ups
          • Asking for your changes to be merged with the main repo
            • Asking for code review
            • Filing a pull request
          • Pushing changes to the main repo
        • Additional things you might want to do
          • Rewriting commit history
          • Deleting a branch on github
          • Several people sharing a single repository
          • Exploring your repository
          • Backporting
    • git resources
      • Tutorials and summaries
      • Advanced git workflow
      • Manual pages online
• Numpy Enhancement Proposals
  • Implemented NEPs
  • Other NEPs
• Release Notes
  • NumPy 1.9.2 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
  • NumPy 1.9.1 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
  • NumPy 1.9.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
    • Dropped Support
    • Future Changes
    • Compatibility notes
      • The diagonal and diag functions return readonly views.
      • Special scalar float values don’t cause upcast to double anymore
      • Percentile output changes
      • ndarray.tofile exception type
      • Invalid fill value exceptions
      • Polynomial Classes no longer derived from PolyBase
      • Using numpy.random.binomial may change the RNG state vs. numpy < 1.9
      • Random seed enforced to be a 32 bit unsigned integer
      • Argmin and argmax out argument
      • Einsum
      • Indexing
      • Non-integer reduction axis indexes are deprecated
      • promote_types and string dtype
      • can_cast and string dtype
      • astype and string dtype
      • npyio.recfromcsv keyword arguments change
      • The doc/swig directory moved
      • The npy_3kcompat.h header changed
      • Negative indices in C-Api sq_item and sq_ass_item sequence methods
      • NDIter
      • zeros_like for string dtypes now returns empty strings
    • New Features
      • Percentile supports more interpolation options
      • Generalized axis support for median and percentile
      • Dtype parameter added to np.linspace and np.logspace
      • More general np.triu and np.tril broadcasting
      • tobytes alias for tostring method
      • Build system
      • Compatibility to python numbers module
      • increasing parameter added to np.vander
      • unique_counts parameter added to np.unique
      • Support for median and percentile in nanfunctions
      • NumpyVersion class added
      • Allow saving arrays with large number of named columns
      • Full broadcasting support for np.cross
    • Improvements
      • Better numerical stability for sum in some cases
      • Percentile implemented in terms of np.partition
      • Performance improvement for np.array
      • Performance improvement for np.searchsorted
      • Optional reduced verbosity for np.distutils
      • Covariance check in np.random.multivariate_normal
      • Polynomial Classes no longer template based
      • More GIL releases
      • MaskedArray support for more complicated base classes
      • C-API
    • Deprecations
      • Non-integer scalars for sequence repetition
      • select input deprecations
      • rank function
      • Object array equality comparisons
      • C-API
  • NumPy 1.8.2 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
  • NumPy 1.8.1 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
    • Changes
      • NDIter
      • Optional reduced verbosity for np.distutils
    • Deprecations
      • C-API
  • NumPy 1.8.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
    • Dropped Support
    • Future Changes
    • Compatibility notes
      • NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_CHECKING
      • Binary operations with non-arrays as second argument
      • Function median used with overwrite_input only partially sorts array
      • Fix to financial.npv
      • Runtime warnings when comparing NaN numbers
    • New Features
      • Support for linear algebra on stacked arrays
      • In place fancy indexing for ufuncs
      • New functions partition and argpartition
      • New functions nanmean, nanvar and nanstd
      • New functions full and full_like
      • IO compatibility with large files
      • Building against OpenBLAS
      • New constant
      • New modes for qr
      • New invert argument to in1d
      • Advanced indexing using np.newaxis
      • C-API
      • runtests.py
    • Improvements
      • IO performance improvements
      • Performance improvements to pad
      • Performance improvements to isnan, isinf, isfinite and byteswap
      • Performance improvements via SSE2 vectorization
      • Performance improvements to median
      • Overrideable operand flags in ufunc C-API
    • Changes
      • General
      • C-API Array Additions
      • C-API Ufunc Additions
      • C-API Developer Improvements
    • Deprecations
      • General
    • Authors
  • NumPy 1.7.2 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
  • NumPy 1.7.1 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
  • NumPy 1.7.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
    • Compatibility notes
    • New features
      • Reduction UFuncs Generalize axis= Parameter
      • Reduction UFuncs New keepdims= Parameter
      • Datetime support
      • Custom formatter for printing arrays
      • New function numpy.random.choice
      • New function isclose
      • Preliminary multi-dimensional support in the polynomial package
      • Ability to pad rank-n arrays
      • New argument to searchsorted
      • Build system
      • C API
    • Changes
      • General
      • Casting Rules
    • Deprecations
      • General
      • C-API
  • NumPy 1.6.2 Release Notes
    • Issues fixed
      • numpy.core
      • numpy.lib
      • numpy.distutils
      • numpy.random
    • Changes
      • numpy.f2py
      • numpy.poly
  • NumPy 1.6.1 Release Notes
    • Issues Fixed
  • NumPy 1.6.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
    • New features
      • New 16-bit floating point type
      • New iterator
      • Legendre, Laguerre, Hermite, HermiteE polynomials in numpy.polynomial
      • Fortran assumed shape array and size function support in numpy.f2py
      • Other new functions
    • Changes
      • default error handling
      • numpy.distutils
      • numpy.testing
      • C API
    • Deprecated features
    • Removed features
      • numpy.fft
      • numpy.memmap
      • numpy.lib
      • numpy.ma
      • numpy.distutils
  • NumPy 1.5.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
      • Python 3 compatibility
      • PEP 3118 compatibility
    • New features
      • Warning on casting complex to real
      • Dot method for ndarrays
      • linalg.slogdet function
      • new header
    • Changes
      • polynomial.polynomial
      • polynomial.chebyshev
      • histogram
      • correlate
  • NumPy 1.4.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
    • New features
      • Extended array wrapping mechanism for ufuncs
      • Automatic detection of forward incompatibilities
      • New iterators
      • New polynomial support
      • New C API
      • New ufuncs
      • New defines
      • Testing
      • Reusing npymath
      • Improved set operations
    • Improvements
    • Deprecations
    • Internal changes
      • Use C99 complex functions when available
      • split multiarray and umath source code
      • Separate compilation
      • Separate core math library
  • NumPy 1.3.0 Release Notes
    • Highlights
      • Python 2.6 support
      • Generalized ufuncs
      • Experimental Windows 64 bits support
    • New features
      • Formatting issues
      • Nan handling in max/min
      • Nan handling in sign
      • New ufuncs
      • Masked arrays
      • gfortran support on windows
      • Arch option for windows binary
    • Deprecated features
      • Histogram
    • Documentation changes
    • New C API
      • Multiarray API
      • Ufunc API
      • New defines
      • Portable NAN, INFINITY, etc...
    • Internal changes
      • numpy.core math configuration revamp
      • umath refactor
      • Improvements to build warnings
      • Separate core math library
      • CPU arch detection
• About NumPy
  • NumPy community
• About this documentation
  • Conventions
• Reporting bugs
• Numpy License
• Glossary
  • Jargon